Course Notes for PSYCH 225: Experimental Psychology

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Fall 2012, University of Wisconsin-Madison

Supplemental notes from the readings are included in navy blue.

 


 

Tuesday, September 04, 2012: Introduction and Class Experiment

  • Illusory Correlation (IC): perception of a relation between two events that are not related, or a perception of a larger relation than actually exists
  • Hamilton & Gifford (1976)
    • IC – a cognitive basis for stereotyping
    • Group A (majority) vs. B (minority)
      • Number of statements: 26 vs. 13
      • Number of desirable statements: 18 (69.23%) vs. 9 (69.23%)
      • Number of undesirable statements: 8 (30.76%) vs. 4 (30.76%)
      • Ratio of positive to negative: 9 to 4 vs. 9 to 4
    • Participants over-attributed undesirable behaviors to group B
    • Participants perceived group B more negatively
    • Group B with undesirable behaviors rarely occurred
    • Distinctiveness and salience led to mroe attention and encoding, which increased the perception of relation
  • Independent variable 1 was valence (emotion) of thoughts of Obama; independent variable 2 was type of minority (black vs. elderly)

 


 

Wednesday, September 05, 2012

Writing an Introduction in APA Style

  • Structure
    • Broad to narrow
    • General problem
    • Past research (literature review)
    • Present research (purpose, hypothesis, brief description)
  • Review of Literature
    • Review literature strategically
    • If relevant, what did researchers do, find, and how did they explain those results?
    • Do not present hypothesis of prior researchers
    • Integrate previous studies to show how they work together to inform your study
    • Integration can be accomplished with thorough, thoughtful transitions
    • Transitions: how are past studies similar/different conceptually/methodologically?
  • Purpose
    • How does present study add to accumulation of knowledge?
    • Example: address discrepancies, problems, untested assumptions, gaps in research
  • State hypotheses clearly
    • Readers should be able to see the expected results; avoid using statistical language
    • Bad example: there will be a main effect of similarity
  • Justify hypothesis
    • Why do you expect those results to occur?
    • Theoretical conceptual rationale
  • Economy of expression
    • In intro and entire manuscript, remember
    • E.O.E. is a hallmark of good scientific writing and clear scientific thinking

Writing a Method Section

  • Participants
    • Number, demographics, compensation
  • Design
    • IVs and levels – 3(hair color: blonde, brunette, redhead) x 2(personality: warm, cold)
    • Within, between, or mixed subjects design
    • DVs: names of constructs
    • Very succinct: do not describe operations in design
  • Materials
    • Stimuli, measures, equipment, apparatus
    • What participants saw, held, heard, but not what they did
    • Operations of measures provide purpose (in order to), scales and pole definitions; if combined items, Chronbac’s alpha (how well they go together)
  • Procedure
    • Actions in chronological order
    • Active voice
    • Who were the experimenters, what did they do
    • If relevant, who were confederates, what did they do
    • What did participants do
    • Duration of sessions
    • Comprehensive: recruitment through debriefment and data management, if necessary
    • Making it easily replicable
    • Eliminate actions that readers can easily infer
  • Operations of IVs and DVs
    • Materials or procedure sub-section?
    • Case-by-case determination
  • Use paragraphs: divide your method sub-section into paragraphs
  • Maintain continuity

 


 

Thursday, September 06, 2012

Class Experiment

  • Method
    • Overview: “… research project concerned with impact of thought exercises on how people process and remember visual info …”
    • Consent forms
    • Thought exercise (5 minutes) (random assignment of positive/negative thoughts about Obama)
    • 39 sentences w/ pictures slides
      • 7 seconds each
      • Why include pics of targets and objects? Not glaringly obvious it’s about the person’s group membership (subtlty)
    • Participant completed questionnaire
    • Debriefing
  • Questionnaire
    • Demographics; cover story, fillers; mood
    • Attributions of group membership
      • 39 statements from slides in different random order
      • Names and groups removed
      • Participants indicated group A or B
    • Frequency estimates, number of undesirable behaviors about each group
    • Trait ratings: rate members of group B on 7 bipolar adjectives, semantic differentials
    • Suspicion check
  • Hypotheses
  • Control procedures?
    • Administration process, location, format

Chapter 1: What is Science?

  • Methods of acquiring knowledge: tenacity, authority, rationalism, common sense, science
  • Five steps to scientific problem-solving and linkage to writing
  1. Identify the problem
    • Lit review (theories, findings)
    • Unanswered questions, conflicts
    • Form one or more hypothesis
    • Hypothesis: expected effect, a testable statement about the relation between variables
    • Title and introduction of APA paper
  2. Design the study/experiment
    • Which conditions are necessary to test hypothesis?
    • Between, within, or mixed subjects design?
    • Stimuli? Timing?
    • Abstract constructs of title and introduction → concrete operations of method
    • Operational definition: concrete, unambiguous definition, one that specifies how the abstract concept will be measured or manipulated
  3. Conduct the study/experiment
    • Groups vs. individuals, settings
    • Empirical process: learning through direct observation
    • If expeirmental research: standardization, control procedures
    • Method section
  4. Test the hypothesis
    • Statistical analysis, interpretation
    • Results, discussion
  5. Communicate findings
    • Papers, presentations, posters
    • Other researchers review and critique, attempt to replicate (reliability, use present research in future research

Chapter 2: Intro to Methods of Science

  1. Naturalistic observation
    • Lack of intervention by scientist
    • Primary goal: description
  2. Correlational research
    • Lack of intervention by scientist
    • Primary goal: prediction
    • Usually ethical challenges reventing us from manipulating behavior (ex. alcohol consumption)
  3. Experiments
    • Intervention by scientist
    • Primary goal: explanation
    • Potential for high internal validity

 

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Out of all the things you could be addicted to…

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My views and opinions can change, and those that are expressed in this post may not necessarily reflect the ones I hold today.
 

If you read yesterday’s blog post, I’m sure you can intelligently conclude that today was my second day of university for the semester. On Mondays and Wednesdays, I have a criminology class, which, as the name suggests, is the study of crime. As an introduction to the course today, we had a discussion during lecture about the topic of why people commit crime.

Our instructor took ideas from our class; someone responded with “addiction.”

Our instructor wanted our responses to be specific, so he asked, “Addiction to what?”

Of course, most of us expected a response like drugs or gambling, but apparently, the student who originally said “addiction” suddenly blacked out and had nothing to say. He struggled for a little bit, then said:

“Uh … jaywalking?”

Quite an interesting answer to say the least.

I hope you guys aren’t addicted to something like jaywalking.

In other news, I will be streaming some competitive Tetris from the Tetris Tournament Online II later tonight. Larry vs. v_f will be taking place at 7 PM PST (9 PM CST), and Blink vs. aitsu_k will be taking place at 9 PM PST (11 PM CST). Of course, there is going to be a little gap between the games, but I’ll try to fill it in with something entertaining, as well as chatting with viewers.

If you don’t know where to tune in, this will be live streamed on the Hard Drop Twitch.TV channel. If for whatever reason you can’t make it to the stream later tonight (or if it’s already past “tonight” when you read this), a replay of the entire stream will be posted here sometime tomorrow.

 

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Blogging in the Dark

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My views and opinions can change, and those that are expressed in this post may not necessarily reflect the ones I hold today.
 

I’m actually sitting in the dark right now due to a power failure. I obviously cannot use the Internet because my wireless router runs off electricity, and my laptop’s LAN port is inconveniently broken so I can’t even directly connect to the jack (even though I’m pretty sure if the power is out, the direct Internet would be out as well).

Of course, if you’re seeing this, it means that I either safely made it to a location where there’s Internet, or the power was restored in my apartment. Meanwhile, I don’t really have much else to do, so I decided to blog.

As of right now at the time of this writing, it’s been about half an hour or so since the power went out. Everything outside my window is dark except for university-powered buildings that have back-up power. For some reason, a fire truck is parked outside the apartment building right now – not quite sure what it’s doing there, since it’s raining and any fires will probably get put out by themselves, but I’m hoping that it has something to do with expediting the electricity recovery process.

Of course, when I’m bored, I take photos, so I decided to take a photo of the tiny sliver of the fire truck that I’m able to see from my window. There really isn’t anything else that I can take a photo of anyway because my cameras happen to not have night vision.

I’m trying to conserve my laptop battery as much as possible by closing all background processes and setting my brightness level to minimum, but then again, I should probably take this opportunity to go to bed early and catch up from the lost sleep from last night’s Badger Herald work.

In related news, the fire truck just left our parking lot and our power is not back on, so I guess they didn’t do too much to help out. I’m actually going to go down to the front desk to see if they have an update.

I’m back from the front desk, and apparently, the entire city has lost power and there is no estimate as to when the electricity will be back.

If you read yesterday’s blog post, or if you’re just an expert stalker, you know that today was my first day of classes for the fall semester. My day started with a discussion for my sociology of law class, which ended up not happening because our teaching assistant never showed up to class. He ended up sending out an email to us several hours after the meeting time to “clarify” that discussion sections would not be meeting at all this week. It would’ve been helpful if he had sent out that email 24 hours earlier so I could’ve slept in an extra hour…

My next class was a lecture for my sociology of law class. My instructor was born and raised mostly in China, and he has only been in the United States for ten years now, so he has a distinct Chinese accent. Fortunately, it’s not as heavy as most other Chinese natives, so it’s not going to make me laugh every time I hear him speaking and get reminded of Chinese accent comedy and parodies.

My last class for the day was experimental psychology. We spent a majority of the class period talking about the syllabus and doing an experiment about illusory correlations. We were the subjects of the experiment; we had to write our thoughts about a particular topic, then try to remember correlations based off short sentences of information we were given. It was clear that the main point of the experiment was to prove that if we prime ourselves by thinking about a member of particular group of people in a positive or negative way (for example, my specific variant was thinking about African-American President Barack Obama in a positive way), it would end up affecting how we think about the entire group (all African-Americans are seen in a more positive light compared to a neutral control group). At first it was really simple to understand and very to-the-point, but then our instructor started talking about her experiment in depth and started going on random tangents regarding variations of the experiment until the class period was over.

I’ve actually been taking random breaks throughout typing this blog post to eat walnuts and get some other stuff organized, and it’s been over an hour since the power has gone out. I’m pretty sure that it’s most likely not going to come back any time soon, so I’m going to go to sleep now.

 

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Re: “What have you been up to?”

This post is over 14 years old and may contain information that is incorrect, outdated, or no longer relevant.
My views and opinions can change, and those that are expressed in this post may not necessarily reflect the ones I hold today.
 

After a majority of my blog posts from the past week or so being related to Tetris, I’ve had a handful of people ask variations of the question “Do you do anything other than cast Tetris anymore?” and “What have you been up to?”

Although I’ve been casting quite a bit more Tetris lately than I usually do (primarily because of the world championship tournament that’s going on right now, and the fact that everyone wants their matches shout­casted by me), I’ve also been doing quite a bit of other stuff since I’ve gotten back at university.

Since I got back to Madison, I’ve been spending quite a bit of time doing Badger Herald work. For those of you unfamiliar, I’m the web director at the Badger Herald. I had to come to Madison a week earlier than most other students because the Badger Herald releases a sizable registration issue on the first day of classes, and we need to work on getting that done (as well as an online version of all the articles) before classes begin. Today is actually the deadline for everything, and I’m almost done getting everything published and released to the public. We’re also planning to release a new landing page for the Herald website as a preview for a new website design I’ve been working on for quite some time.

In my spare non-working time, I’ve also been playing quite a bit of League of Legends with my buddy Del, because he’s my only friend who is ever available to play League of Legends with me. Yes, I have other friends who play League of Legends, but they’re all at like 2000+ elo and refuse to play with me because I’m a noob. In related news, Del is in a band called Unarmed for Victory where he plays the bass and does vocals. You should check them out if you like metal and hardcore music.

In other random news, the ceiling above my shower is still leaking water once in a while and still emits a smell akin to mold. If you read my blog post from a handful of days ago, you know that maintenance came in to “fix” the hot water on my shower by letting me know that the pipes were connected backwards, and that I just had to turn the knob over to the cold side to get hot water. In order to compensate for this never-ending stench leaking from my bathroom ceiling, I’ve been keeping the window in my room open. Of course, it’s also burning hot outside right now because it’s the middle of summer, so to compensate for my compensation, I’ve had to keep my air conditioning on at maximum temperature and maximum power pretty much all day and all night.

In more random news, if you’re following me on Twitter, you might remember this tweet from a few days ago: “I think my neighbor is having a nightmare and has mistaken the wall between our rooms as the floor, and is trying to run away from something.” I got a few “wut” responses, so I decided to give the full story behind this tweet. Shortly after 5 AM, the wall between my room and my neighbor’s room started rumbling. When I woke up, I heard what seemed like footsteps on the wall. Thus, I made the intelligent conclusion in my half-asleep state at 5 AM that my neighbor was having a nightmare, and (s)he was running away from a vicious monster or something. However, unfortunately, (s)he mistaked the wall for the floor, and was trying to run away using the wall rather than the ground. Don’t worry, I’m sure (s)he’s okay now.

In even more random news (yes, I’m basically writing about stuff as it pops up into my mind without organizing everything), earlier tonight, I left my apartment building to head over to Jimmy John’s across the street so I could buy some dinner. Then, I noticed that something was going on in the parking lot of my apartment building, and realized that there was a grill-out and there were free hot dogs being distributed. I love Jimmy John’s sandwiches, but I of course cannot turn down free food, so that ended up being a pleasant surprise. What made it even better was that right as I got my food and came inside, it started raining a few minutes later. Of course, it’s not great that it rained on everyone who was eating outside, but I was happy that, for once, it started raining right after I entered a building, as opposed to immediately after I leave a building, as it usually happens.

If you’ve made it this far through this blog post, congratulations. I would have most likely given up on reading it after a few paragraphs.

My first day of class for the fall semester is tomorrow. Hopefully I’ll be able to make it to the Sewell Social Sciences building tomorrow morning without getting lost like I did at the beginning of last semester because I had forgotten how to get there due to the fact that I hadn’t been there for a month. I have a discussion and lecture for my law course in the morning, and a lecture for my psychology course in the afternoon.

I’m sure this is enough information about my life, so I’m going to finish up my last bit of work for the Herald for the night, then go to sleep so I don’t end up oversleeping tomorrow morning and missing my first class.

 

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Problem Solving Fail

This post is over 14 years old and may contain information that is incorrect, outdated, or no longer relevant.
My views and opinions can change, and those that are expressed in this post may not necessarily reflect the ones I hold today.
 

If you’ve been keeping up with my life lately, you might have known that I came back to Madison to my university campus this past Friday. I had to come back early because of work. Of course, working is not the only thing that I’ve been doing. Some other things I’ve been accomplishing are eating, sleeping, and failing at problem solving.

Of course, like the past two years, there have been a few miniscule but bothersome problems with my apartment room upon moving in. Last year, it was the fact that I didn’t have a large refrigerator or a freezer, and I had to get my own. This year, on top of a few other things, it was that the hot water in my shower wasn’t working.

Unfortunately, I figured this out on Friday, and by the time I had showered and realized there was no hot water coming out, it was too late to file a request with maintenance. They only take emergency requests outside of regular working hours and over the weekend, so I decided to just wait until Monday morning, and hoped that the hot water would randomly fix itself over the weekend.

Unfortunately, it did not, and I ended up filing my maintenance request. Maintenance came in to fix everything else that was wrong with my apartment, and looked at the hot water while they were at it.

The repair man let me know that the hot water was working fine this entire time.

I insisted that hadn’t been working for the past handful of days, and turned on the shower. I turned the knob all the way over to the “H” side and informed him that the water was freezing cold.

Then he turned the knob all the way over to the “C” side and said that the pipes were just connected back­wards in this room.

You may now proceed to spend the next five minutes laughing at the fact that I was so dumb that I couldn’t figure this out by myself over the span of like four days.

 

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League of Legends Hates Me

This post is over 14 years old and may contain information that is incorrect, outdated, or no longer relevant.
My views and opinions can change, and those that are expressed in this post may not necessarily reflect the ones I hold today.
 

Remember the post I made a few weeks ago about how I’ve lost hope in League of Legends?

It’s as if the game client read my blog post, and decided to add to my suffering by mocking me even more and making the game even worse.

On the Public Beta Environment, they’re currently testing out a few feature to go live on Korean servers when individuals play League of Legends from Korean PC clubs. One of the features of this is that there are full un­locks on champions.

Taking advantage of this, I decided to try out Darius. I’ve played him a few times before during his free week, but I never ended up playing him that much. Upon queuing up and joining a game, it loaded and I saw this. (Click on the image to view it in full size.)

This might be a little confusing for people who are unfamiliar with League of Legends, so let me explain. Nor­mally, when you start a game on Twisted Treeline (which is what this map is called), you’re supposed to see yourself and your two allies standing in the blue circle in the center of the screenshot. You’re also supposed to see three icons on the minimap, representing the location of the three characters.

As you can clearly see, the game decided it would be a great idea if it would turn myself and my allies invisible for the game.

I don’t even know anymore.

 

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