Supplemental notes from the readings are included in navy blue.
Tuesday, September 04, 2012: Introduction and Class Experiment
- Illusory Correlation (IC): perception of a relation between two events that are not related, or a perception of a larger relation than actually exists
- Hamilton & Gifford (1976)
- IC – a cognitive basis for stereotyping
- Group A (majority) vs. B (minority)
- Number of statements: 26 vs. 13
- Number of desirable statements: 18 (69.23%) vs. 9 (69.23%)
- Number of undesirable statements: 8 (30.76%) vs. 4 (30.76%)
- Ratio of positive to negative: 9 to 4 vs. 9 to 4
- Participants over-attributed undesirable behaviors to group B
- Participants perceived group B more negatively
- Group B with undesirable behaviors rarely occurred
- Distinctiveness and salience led to mroe attention and encoding, which increased the perception of relation
- Independent variable 1 was valence (emotion) of thoughts of Obama; independent variable 2 was type of minority (black vs. elderly)
Wednesday, September 05, 2012 Writing an Introduction in APA Style
- Structure
- Broad to narrow
- General problem
- Past research (literature review)
- Present research (purpose, hypothesis, brief description)
- Review of Literature
- Review literature strategically
- If relevant, what did researchers do, find, and how did they explain those results?
- Do not present hypothesis of prior researchers
- Integrate previous studies to show how they work together to inform your study
- Integration can be accomplished with thorough, thoughtful transitions
- Transitions: how are past studies similar/different conceptually/methodologically?
- Purpose
- How does present study add to accumulation of knowledge?
- Example: address discrepancies, problems, untested assumptions, gaps in research
- State hypotheses clearly
- Readers should be able to see the expected results; avoid using statistical language
- Bad example: there will be a main effect of similarity
- Justify hypothesis
- Why do you expect those results to occur?
- Theoretical conceptual rationale
- Economy of expression
- In intro and entire manuscript, remember
- E.O.E. is a hallmark of good scientific writing and clear scientific thinking
- Participants
- Number, demographics, compensation
- Design
- IVs and levels – 3(hair color: blonde, brunette, redhead) x 2(personality: warm, cold)
- Within, between, or mixed subjects design
- DVs: names of constructs
- Very succinct: do not describe operations in design
- Materials
- Stimuli, measures, equipment, apparatus
- What participants saw, held, heard, but not what they did
- Operations of measures provide purpose (in order to), scales and pole definitions; if combined items, Chronbac’s alpha (how well they go together)
- Procedure
- Actions in chronological order
- Active voice
- Who were the experimenters, what did they do
- If relevant, who were confederates, what did they do
- What did participants do
- Duration of sessions
- Comprehensive: recruitment through debriefment and data management, if necessary
- Making it easily replicable
- Eliminate actions that readers can easily infer
- Operations of IVs and DVs
- Materials or procedure sub-section?
- Case-by-case determination
- Use paragraphs: divide your method sub-section into paragraphs
- Maintain continuity
Thursday, September 06, 2012 Class Experiment
- Method
- Overview: “… research project concerned with impact of thought exercises on how people process and remember visual info …”
- Consent forms
- Thought exercise (5 minutes) (random assignment of positive/negative thoughts about Obama)
- 39 sentences w/ pictures slides
- 7 seconds each
- Why include pics of targets and objects? Not glaringly obvious it’s about the person’s group membership (subtlty)
- Participant completed questionnaire
- Debriefing
- Questionnaire
- Demographics; cover story, fillers; mood
- Attributions of group membership
- 39 statements from slides in different random order
- Names and groups removed
- Participants indicated group A or B
- Frequency estimates, number of undesirable behaviors about each group
- Trait ratings: rate members of group B on 7 bipolar adjectives, semantic differentials
- Suspicion check
- Hypotheses
- Control procedures?
- Administration process, location, format
- Methods of acquiring knowledge: tenacity, authority, rationalism, common sense, science
- Five steps to scientific problem-solving and linkage to writing
- Identify the problem
- Lit review (theories, findings)
- Unanswered questions, conflicts
- Form one or more hypothesis
- Hypothesis: expected effect, a testable statement about the relation between variables
- Title and introduction of APA paper
- Design the study/experiment
- Which conditions are necessary to test hypothesis?
- Between, within, or mixed subjects design?
- Stimuli? Timing?
- Abstract constructs of title and introduction → concrete operations of method
- Operational definition: concrete, unambiguous definition, one that specifies how the abstract concept will be measured or manipulated
- Conduct the study/experiment
- Groups vs. individuals, settings
- Empirical process: learning through direct observation
- If expeirmental research: standardization, control procedures
- Method section
- Test the hypothesis
- Statistical analysis, interpretation
- Results, discussion
- Communicate findings
- Papers, presentations, posters
- Other researchers review and critique, attempt to replicate (reliability, use present research in future research
- Naturalistic observation
- Lack of intervention by scientist
- Primary goal: description
- Correlational research
- Lack of intervention by scientist
- Primary goal: prediction
- Usually ethical challenges reventing us from manipulating behavior (ex. alcohol consumption)
- Experiments
- Intervention by scientist
- Primary goal: explanation
- Potential for high internal validity
Out of all the things you could be addicted to…
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Blogging in the Dark
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I’m trying to conserve my laptop battery as much as possible by closing all background processes and setting my brightness level to minimum, but then again, I should probably take this opportunity to go to bed early and catch up from the lost sleep from last night’s Badger Herald work.In related news, the fire truck just left our parking lot and our power is not back on, so I guess they didn’t do too much to help out. I’m actually going to go down to the front desk to see if they have an update.I’m back from the front desk, and apparently, the entire city has lost power and there is no estimate as to when the electricity will be back.If you read yesterday’s blog post, or if you’re just an expert stalker, you know that today was my first day of classes for the fall semester. My day started with a discussion for my sociology of law class, which ended up not happening because our teaching assistant never showed up to class. He ended up sending out an email to us several hours after the meeting time to “clarify” that discussion sections would not be meeting at all this week. It would’ve been helpful if he had sent out that email 24 hours earlier so I could’ve slept in an extra hour…My next class was a lecture for my sociology of law class. My instructor was born and raised mostly in China, and he has only been in the United States for ten years now, so he has a distinct Chinese accent. Fortunately, it’s not as heavy as most other Chinese natives, so it’s not going to make me laugh every time I hear him speaking and get reminded of Chinese accent comedy and parodies.My last class for the day was experimental psychology. We spent a majority of the class period talking about the syllabus and doing an experiment about illusory correlations. We were the subjects of the experiment; we had to write our thoughts about a particular topic, then try to remember correlations based off short sentences of information we were given. It was clear that the main point of the experiment was to prove that if we prime ourselves by thinking about a member of particular group of people in a positive or negative way (for example, my specific variant was thinking about African-American President Barack Obama in a positive way), it would end up affecting how we think about the entire group (all African-Americans are seen in a more positive light compared to a neutral control group). At first it was really simple to understand and very to-the-point, but then our instructor started talking about her experiment in depth and started going on random tangents regarding variations of the experiment until the class period was over.I’ve actually been taking random breaks throughout typing this blog post to eat walnuts and get some other stuff organized, and it’s been over an hour since the power has gone out. I’m pretty sure that it’s most likely not going to come back any time soon, so I’m going to go to sleep now. Re: “What have you been up to?”
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Problem Solving Fail
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League of Legends Hates Me
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My views and opinions can change, and those that are expressed in this post may not necessarily reflect the ones I hold today.
This might be a little confusing for people who are unfamiliar with League of Legends, so let me explain. Normally, when you start a game on Twisted Treeline (which is what this map is called), you’re supposed to see yourself and your two allies standing in the blue circle in the center of the screenshot. You’re also supposed to see three icons on the minimap, representing the location of the three characters.As you can clearly see, the game decided it would be a great idea if it would turn myself and my allies invisible for the game.I don’t even know anymore.