“European Colonization” – American Studies @ IMSA
Moctezuma was very technologically advanced for its time. Apparent from the way the community was structured, it is obvious that the construction of the city was strategically planned with considerations of many factors. Even upon attack, a counterstrike or recoil plan was established for emergency situations: "Forseeing that if the inhabitants of the city should prove treacherous, they would possess great advantages from the manner in which the city is constructed…." The inhabitants are also resourceful. Even with a potential lack of supplies, great diversity is shown in their way of life. A shortage of raw materials introduces new imaginative ideas and forms of survival. A variety of animals are used as food sources. There is a large selection of vegetables: "… especially onions, leeks, garlic, watercresses, nasturtium, borage, sorrel, artichokes, and golden thistle…." Overpopulating birds are consumed: : "… where every variety of birds in the country are sold, as fowls, partridges, quails, wild ducks, fly-catchers, widgeons, turtledoves, pigeons, reed-birds, parrots, sparrows, eagles, hawks, owls, and kestrels…." The system of sales runs in an organized manner: "Every kind of merchandise is sold in a particular street or quarter assigned to it exclusively…." Religion is thought of as a necessity in their lives: "… they were bound to adore and believe Him, and no other creature or thing." In order to serve the higher bodies, humans are willing to sacrifice themselves. If the rules of the gods are broken, a potential punishment is death. Equality is distributed between all followers: "… commanded to put to death whoever should take the life of another." The gods were of mighty power: "The figures of the idols in which these people believe surpass in stature a person of more than ordinary size…." The system for transporting natural resources such as water was very efficient: "… laid two pipes, constructed of masonry, each of which is two paces in width, and about five feet in height." The established system takes in account possible failure of the system and provides a reliable backup solution in case of emergency or required maintenance: "the other pipe, in the meantime, is kept empty until the former requires to be cleansed, when the water is let into it and continues to be used till the cleaning is finished." This organized process serves the entire citizen population of the area: "An abundant supply of excellent water, forming a volume equal in bulk to the human body, is conveyed by one of these pipes, and distributed about the city." Nature is a large part of these inhabitant’s lives; birds in particular hold a special place in these people’s hearts. To retain existence, all of the species are kept in captivity within the emperor’s palace: "Every cage contained a bird of prey, of all the species found in Spain." Hundreds of servants acquire the job of taking care of these birds: "the emperor has three hundred men whose sole employment is to take care of these birds…." Their occupations entitle them to nurse ill birds back to health: "… there are others whose only business is to attend to the birds that are in bad health." The elegance of eating formally was prioritized: "The meals were served in a large hall … and the dishes quite filled the room." Rules to maintain proper manners were established. The cleanliness of the ones served was vital: "… napkins used on these occasions were never used a second time…."
The land of Hispaniola was inhabited by the purest people of the world: "… the Almighty selected this part of the world as home to the greater part of the human race." Everyone was very loyal towards one another and trusted all other humans: "… they are without malice or guile … obedient both to their own native lords…." Due to this peaceful relationship between all citizens, they were all physically unfit: "Even the common people are no tougher than princes…." There was no need to perform hard work; one did not have the need to defend oneself. They were truly natural, made by god as angels: "… would be the most blessed people on earth…." When the Spanish invaded this land of harmony, the inhabitants were stunned as they were unprepared for anything of this violent nature: "… tear the natives to shreds, murder them and inflict upon them untold misery…." Never in their dreams would cause harm to other fellow humans. In the trial of Spain’s destruction, Hispaniola was transformed into a barren, abandoned wasteland: "All these islands … are now abandoned and desolate."
Sieur de Monts makes a clear statement of refusal to trade with the savage-like New French. To enforce his new law, he establishes a consequential punishment of entire property loss: "… punishment of their disobedience may be assured … to seize, apprehend, and arrest all violators of our present prohibition and order, also their vessels, merchandise, arms, supplies….." Samuel de Champlain sets off on a voyage to Pont Gravé located in Honfleur. However, upon arrival, the weather conditions were unfavorable and his crew has difficulty entering harbor: "Our vessel was unable to enter the harbor, as the wind and tide were favorable." When stationery, Champlain discovers Gravé is ill and chooses to accompany him to his recovery. During Champlain’s embarkment, he visits Saguenay River, containing a powerful waterfall. During his journey, savage inhabitants notify him of migrative people they came across during their explorations. These nomads generally dwell at the end of the river, surviving off of hunted animal meat: "… savages, living only from hunting, and where our savages cary the merchandise we give them fur their furs, such as beaver, marten, lynx, and otter…." On the final day of the month, Champlain departs Tadoussac to head towards Quebec. In their path they discover and name Salmon River, "…since we caught some of these fish in it…"; Cape Dauphin, "…a point extending into the river…"; Eagle Cape, "… distant eight leagues from Cape Dauphin…"; Isle aux Coudres, having "… rocky points extending some distqance out into the river…"; and Riviere du gouffre, having a "… calm appearance…." Through the progression of the discovery of Quebec, the crew stumbles upon the Isle d’Orleans. Conclusions state an average man could not venture this far due to the harse climate and unfavorable terrain: "The wood is pine, fir, and birch only, with very ugly rocks, so that in most places one could not make his way." When the time of settlement came, the crew used the "Point of Quebec," haing resources enhancing the likelihood of survival. Upon arrival, enemies plotted the death of Champlain to claim his property, "to put into the hands of the Basques or Spaniards." To make this plan a success, crew members were seduced into joining the opposing forces: "… promising them many things which they could not have fulfilled." With not much time passing, all of Champlain’s companions were against him: "Being now all agreed, they made daily different plans as to how they should put me to death…." Very soon, friendly forces arrived and were able to arrest the leading sources of conspiracy: "On this very day one of our barques arrived, with our pilot, Captain Testu, a very discreet man." The discovery and establishment of Quebec resumed; construction progressed and the settlement was later titled St. Croix.
Jean-Baptiste Colbert writes to the king in regards to trade. He states the Dutch is low in quality for the textiles they export: "The manufacture of cloths and serves and other textiles of this kind … were and are almost entirely ruined." An argument discusses how improved quality would be beneficial to both countries; the exporter would receive more money for high-quality goods. In addition, he states the Dutch owe them millions in cash. On the contrary, there are some advantages to trade. With import and export rates increasing, potential jobs skyrocket: "… a million people who now languish in idleness will be able to earn a living." People are needed to move and transport these goods. More importantly, the production of boats will increase, thus exponentiating the French power: "The almost infinite increase in the number of ships will multiply to the same degree the greatness and power of the State."
Richard Hakluyt summarizes a book detailing on the main powers of the Earth. Beginning with Christianity, the men are encouraged not to abandon this religion, even if the men are "dryven to fling their Bibles and prayer Bokes into the sea…." Further the emperors and queens are introduced with their proper titles.
This nation John Smith describes of has people who live their lives in a simple yet complete way. They do not waste time on unimportant bodily care. Instead, the inhabitants find efficient and effective ways to complete these everyday chores: "… for barbers they use their women, who with two shells will grate away the hair." During the leftover time, they express themselves through bodily art and uncommon jewelry: "For their apparel, they are some time covered with skins of wild beasts… … In each ear commonly they have three great holes, whereat they hang chains bracelets or copper." They identify the two genders and depict them with great separation; one gender cannot be seen doing the works of the opposite gender: "Then men spend their times in … menlike exercises, scorning to be seen in any woman-like exercise…." However, regardless of gender, children are loved with great care: "… yet they do love children very dearly." Creativity is brought into the design of musical instruments. Resources are brought together in imaginative ways to create unique, haunted sounds: "… make such a terrible noise as would rather frighten than delight any man…." Religion is thought of as worshipping out of fear: "Him they call Oke and serve him more of fear than love." Defeating the true meaning of religion by love, these dwellers serve the devil to prevent bad things from happening to them. Also out of fright is the service ot the chief ruler, Powhatan. If obedience is declined, intense punishment is distributed: "… certain malefactors to be bound hand and foot, having then having many of fires gathered great store of burning coals…." Inhumane actions serve as consequences, such as being burnt alive or getting ripped apart by another human: "… then doth he proceed with shells and reeds to strip the skin from his head and face; then do they rip his belly and so burn him with the tree and all…."