History 364-0-01: Gender and Sexuality in Victorian Britain; Northwestern University, Fall 2014

Homosexuality on Trial

1. Cook describes London as a city to invite and thwart fantastical recreation and sensual indulgence. Does this describe the role played by the city in The Picture of Dorian Gray? Why or why not?
2. How might the relationship between Wilde and Lord Alfred Douglas be compared to the relationships among Dorian, Lord Henry, and Basil?
3. Did the trials of Oscar Wilde broad fears about the decline or degeneration of British society? How?
4. How does the portrayal of marriage in Wilde’s novel reflect or contrast with the portrayals of Victorian marriages in other texts we’ve read in class?
5. In Douglas’ and Nicholson’s poems, a recurring theme corresponding with homosexuality is shame and secrecy; in what way did Oscar Wilde reject these Victorian attitudes in his life and in The Picture of Dorian Gray?
6. Do you think that the Victorian male beast is at the heart of both The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and The Picture of Dorian Gray? If so, is it a different beast in each novel?
7. How does Showalter characterize the treatment of women in The Picture of Dorian Gray? Do you agree with her assessment?
8. How does The Picture of Dorian Gray reflect the aesthetic ideal of “art for art’s sake”? Can the novel be taken as an argument in favor of that ideal?
9. What makes Sibyl Vane initially attractive to Dorian, and what changes his feelings about her? What is the purpose of the Sibyl/Dorian relationship in Wilde’s novel?
10. In what ways do Wilde’s frequent and vivid descriptions of color reflect a rebellion against Victorian values?

• Culture & corruption, criminal & the aesthetic, beauty & evil
• Decadence: sensory intensity, exploration, pleasures
• The decadent man: homosexual, “the perfect form of male aestheticization” (Showalter)

History 364-0-01: Gender and Sexuality in Victorian Britain; Northwestern University, Fall 2014

Homosexuality on Trial

• Oscar Wilde (1854-1900)
  • Birth and family
    • Born during the Victorian time period
    • Born in Dublin, thinks of himself as Anglo-Irish, English upper- and middle-class
    • His mother was a well-known poet, assumed that all his writing talent comes from his mother’s side; also an Irish nationalist, much more so than Wilde’s father
    • His father, Sir William Wilde, was a well-known eye surgeon; he was knighted for his philanthropy (charity work)
  • Growth
    • Attends Trinity College, went on to study at Oxford (highly educated, very smart, able student) where he wins a prize for poetry
    • Wilde never aspired to be respectable Victorian middle-class
    • Falls under the spell of the aesthetic movement – “art for art’s sake”
    • Undertakes a tour of the United States and Canada in 1881 (still young), and it is “Wilde”ly successful
  • Marriage
    • In 1884, Wilde married Constance Lloyd Wilde (1858-1898) – a heterosexual love match
    • Constance is interested in women’s rights
    • Gives birth to two male children, Cyril (1885) and Vyvyan (1886)
    • As part of the aesthetic movement, Wilde decides to paint the walls of their house white
  • Work
    • Wrote a lot of plays – “Lady Windermere’s Fan” (1892), “A Woman of No Importance” (1893), “Salomé” (1894), “… Ideal Husband” (1895), “The Importance of Being Earnest” (1895)
    • When Wilde was on trial, three of his plays were running in the west end
  • Homosexuality
    • Robbie Ross (1886), a homosexual, was living with Wilde and his wife when he seduced Wilde while his wife was asleep
    • Up until this point, Wilde had been heterosexual and loved his wife, but after the encounter with Ross, his life completely changed
    • Wilde begins to experiment in a discreet way and moves towards a London homosexual circle
    • He is living the double life – he is remaining with his wife and adores his children, but also leads a secret, closeted double-life of a homosexual
    • The Cleveland St. Scandal hits in 1889 when Wilde is ramping up his homosexual life – the scandal involved a 15-year-old telegraph boy in a homosexual brothel

History 364-0-01: Gender and Sexuality in Victorian Britain; Northwestern University, Fall 2014

Marriage, Sexual Independence, and “The New Woman”

1. For each of the historical writers we have read this week, what was the purpose of marriage? With whom do you agree the most?
   • Marriage is union, not necessarily with love, to have children without being out of wedlock
   • Marriage is for the good of the nation and race, happiness is not important
2. In what ways did “The Woman Who Did” challenge Victorian perceptions of gender, and in what ways did it reinforce them? Does this reflect the fact that its author was a man? Why or why not?
   • Enforced gender stereotypes, that women are weaker
   • When people think highly of women, it’s used as a reason not to corrupt them with power and rights because they’re so innocent and pure
3. Is “The Woman Who Did” more a critique of marriage or a cautionary tale regarding the New Woman?
4. To Showalter, was the idea of the New Woman actually a good thing for women?
   • Yes, it was progress, in that time period it was radical
5. Drawing from this week’s readings, was motherhood a blessing or a burden for Victorian women?
   • It was seen as an expectation, and if they don’t meet it, they’re a failure
   • For daughters, the mother needed to take care of them until marriage, or else they end up badly
   • “I can’t commit suicide because I need to take care of the kids”
6. Are there ways in which Allen or Caird hindered the progress of the Victorian Women’s Movement?
   • People may get turned off by excessively radical or extreme viewpoints
   • She is more evolutionary than revolutionary, and is constrained by Victorian views
7. Which of Caird’s arguments would be considered outdated today? Which would be considered radical?
   • Confinement is no longer an issue because children can move out and live on their own
   • Having children without marriage still has a stigma (having a family without marriage, “why aren’t you married yet?”)
8. For Allen, was Herminia’s martyrdom for the sake of the future woman justified? What would Caird or Showalter say? What do you think?
9. Taken as a whole, do you think the primary source readings for this week broke down distinctions between public and private spheres, or reinforced them?
   • The anonymous letters showed aspects of privacy to the public, revealed information about marriage
   • Women talking about private sex-related topics to the public, which broke down the barrier between the two spheres
10. For Victorian women, what was the relationship between sex, love, and freedom?
    • For Victorian women, it was almost impossible to see all three happening at the same time
    • In modern day, all three happen together often, and it is likely

History 364-0-01: Gender and Sexuality in Victorian Britain; Northwestern University, Fall 2014

• Victorian’s Women’s Movements
  • Umbrella term for a variety of interest and lobbying groups
  • Women were not awarded degrees because those with degrees would have a voice on how the university is run, and they wanted to keep women out of that
  • The term “feminism” comes to use in the mid-1890s
  • The Women’s Movement was extremely effective
  • Before the movements kicked in, women had no legal right in their marriage over their own children – the husband has sole rights
  • Infant Custody Acts (1873, 1886)
    • For the first time, gave mothers certain rights over their children
  • Married Women’s Property Acts (1870, 1882)
    • Prior to this act, women’s husbands seized all possession of their property; she loses control over her own property and money
    • Upon marriage, a woman no longer loses rights to her own property, and for the first time, were allowed to represent themselves in court and be sued
  • Matrimonial Causes Act (1857): divorce gets taken out of the church courts and becomes a civil matter
    • A man can divorce a woman due to adultery, but a woman can only divorce a man due to adultery as well as one aggravating factor (i.e. abuse, negligence, bestiality, sodomy, etc.)
• Marriage
  • August 1888: Daily Telegraph asked, “is marriage a failure?”
    • The paper received 27,000 letters, ranging from enthusiasm to dissatisfaction
  • Mona Caird (1854-1932)
    • Saw herself as a progressive feminist and thought the women’s movement was too conservative
    • Publishes a journal article in the Westminster Review earlier in the month (before the question was asked) titled “Marriage”
    • She states that marriage, in its present state, is a failure
    • She asks why, in marriage, they are stuck with an antiquated law and women are always on the losing end
    • She thinks about marriage as a form of legalized prostitution – marriage is the only career choice for a women who could not earn admittance into a higher education institution, and the only way out of the parental home
    • During this time, a newspaper often had stories about Jack the Ripper on one half, and a raging debate about marriage on the other half
    • When a woman marries, she gives up all legal rights to her own body
    • Conjugal rights are the rights a man has to engage sexual activity with his wife – sexual intercourse is his right in marriage, and the woman has no right to say no
    • Free union is a lifelong, committed relationship between two equals
  • Clitheroe/Jackson Case
    • Comes to court in the late 1890s
    • A woman named Emily marries a man named Edmond Jackson in 1887
    • Jackson leaves to travel to New Zealand to take care of business interests
    • Shortly after his departure, she writes to him asking him to return
    • By the time he returns, she is living with her sisters and her family, and she refuses to see him
    • He sues his wife for restitution for conjugal rights
    • In 1891, as she’s leaving church, two accomplices set up by her husband bundle her into a carriage and take her to her husband, where he locks her into his bedroom
    • Her sisters countersuit for the return of her body, and this gets taken to a higher court
    • “Where a wife refuses to live with her husband, he is not entitled to keep her in confinement in order to enforce restitution of conjugal rights.”
    • When Emily left court, there was a massive crowd of mostly men booing and jeering at her because of the judgment; mainstream conservative newspapers claimed that this is the end of marriage in this country as we know it
• The progression of women
  • “Free love”
    • (Not to be confused with “free union”)
    • Sexual partners at will for both men and women
    • Most people did not endorse a free love position at all, even the free union position was a minority position
  • Contraception
    • If this topic was published 20 years ago, the author would be taken to court and charged with writing obscene material
    • Mainstream women’s movement were anti-artificial contraception methods due to religion (marriage is for the procreation of children), anxieties across disrupting the family structure, …
    • The main reason was that husbands were now able to prevent pregnancy and procreation, which might lead to unregulated sexual demand in marriage
    • The Victorian Women’s Movement supports abstinence
  • The idea of the “new woman” takes off – the new woman is young, highly educated, middle-class, (sexually) independent, liberated, and a part of a completely different generation of most people of the women’s movement
    • Dressed in a long, slim skirt with a white shirt and a scarf
    • Often holding a cigarette
    • Often shown riding a bicycle, which is symbolic of liberation – it was possible move around without a male escort, or an older female escort of your family
    • The new woman doesn’t need to get married because she already has it all
    • The race of women whose type we want to continue, are women who have no interest in marriage or procreation
    • When women write about the new woman, they go for the problem of male sexuality in marriage, and venereal disease; men write about the extreme outlying topic of free union

History 364-0-01: Gender and Sexuality in Victorian Britain; Northwestern University, Fall 2014

• Midterm Guidelines
  • The exam will consist of five elements. Allow equal time (approximately 15 minutes) for each. Each element carries equal marks.
  • Part 1
    • Spend approximately 30 minutes on Part 1
    • Part I will require students to identify and contextualize two excerpts from primary sources (from a source of three)
    • Give the full name of the author (where appropriate), the full title of the book, series of articles, or articles, and year of original publication
    • Discuss the significance of the excerpt; the important argument, issues, or salient points raised in the book or article(s) in question; and take a final few sentences to place the book or article(s) in their wider historical context
    • The main purpose of this question is to test your knowledge of the primary sources
    • Keep your answer concise (probably not more than two sides in the blue books per excerpt)
  • Part 2
    • Spend approximately 45 minutes on Part 2
    • Part 2 will require students to write on three topics (from a choice of five)
    • The topics might be broad and require students to engage in a discussion that goes beyond the readings for a particular week
    • It is vital that students draw on both primary and secondary sources as necessary
    • The aim of this question is to test a student’s grasp of themes, issues, or questions arising from the course and course materials
    • Keep your answers concise but include plenty of precise detail (probably not more than two sides in the blue books per topic)
• Excerpt ID Example
  • “I see you feel as I do,” said Mr. Enfield. “Yes, it’s a bad story. For my man was a fellow that nobody would have to do with, a really damnable man; and the person that drew the cheque is the very pink of the proprieties, celebrated too, and (what makes it worse) one of your fellows who do what they call good. Blackmail, I suppose; an honest man paying through the nose for some of the capers of his youth. Blackmail House is what I call that place with the door, in consequence. Though even that, you know, is far from explaining all,” he added, and with the words fell into a vein of musing.
  • Robert Lewis Stevenson, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1886)

• Lapel Griffin
  • He passes the exams to enter the Indian Civil Service, the arm of the government
  • He seeks to make arguments against demands of Indian power through various methods of feminization of Indian men
  • Although all Indian men get feminized, some are more feminized than others
  • He states that the London liberals who are coming out to India are not as deeply engraved because they are only on several-year terms, unlike himself
• Bengali Baboo
  • Britain brings in the Hindus into the civil service because there are not enough British men to run the whole thing by themselves
  • The Bengali Baboo are western educated, middle-class elite
  • This group will start pushing for power because they’re educated, they know how the government runs (because they are running it and making the country work)
  • Lapel Griffin pushes right back
  • “Bengali Baboo” came from the phrase “Babu” – Babu is intended as a respectable title, while the version with two Os is not
• Ilbert Bill
  • Allows some Indian magistrates and judges some jurisdiction over the trials of some crimes committed by British men and women
  • If the bill was passed as-is in its original form, the tweak to the law was so minor that it was estimated that, across the next decade, only 9-10 Indian judges would preside over the trials of British men and women
  • The Criminal Procedure Code Amendment Act of 1884
    • The compromise of the bill that is struck, in the actual act that gets passed, says that Indian judges and magistrates are allowed as long as there is also a European who is allowed to request a jury that is at least half European
  • “Indian men can’t be trusted with British women, they can’t even be trusted with their own women”
  • Indian Councils Act of 1892
    • Allows greater Indian middle-class, educated representation in legislative councils, which causes an uproar in British India

• The Ilbert Bill and Indian Councils Act (Handout)
  • The Ilbert Bill, 1883-4
    • Criminal Procedure Code Amendment Act, Jan 1884
    • This bill, proposed by  Member of the Government of India in the Legislative Council by the name of Courtenay Ilbert (he was a legal advisor), proposed to give Indian judges and magistrates – who were Indians working for the colonial administration – very limited criminal jurisdiction over British subjects in certain parts of India. As it was, only white officials were allowed criminal jurisdiction over whites. The idea the Ilbert Bill proposed, that of Indians sitting in judgment over the white British subjects (Anglo Indians), was anathema to most British living in India, who regarded the Bill as a threat to British power.
    • The Bill was introduced in India by Viceroy Ripon but did not pass in its original version. It became law in January of 1884, but was severely compromised. Indian judges and magistrates were granted limited jurisdiction over Europeans in certain areas, but Europeans won the right to demand a trial by jury at least half of whose members were European (i.e. white).
  • The Indian Councils Act of 1892
    • The Act authorized an increase in the size of the various legislative councils in India. Enacted due to the demand of the Indian National Congress (established 1885) to expand legislative councils, the number of non-official members was increased. The non-official members of Indian legislative councils were henceforth to be nominated by the Bengal chamber of commerce and provincial legislative council.
    • It introduced the principle of representation for educated Indian men. For example, council members could now put questions to the government concerning matters of public interest.
  • Sir Lepel Henry Griffin (July 20, 1838 – March 9, 1908) was a British administrator and diplomat in India.

History 364-0-01: Gender and Sexuality in Victorian Britain; Northwestern University, Fall 2014

The British Empire

• Expansion
  • The territory started small, but spreaded to modern-day Canada, Australia, India, and parts of Africa in 1886
  • This is a global empire – the expansion is all across the world and spread out (this is where the phrase “the sun never sets on the British Empire” phrase comes from)
  • Athena represents Britannia and represents British power
  • Empires are a place where goods can be sold – it provides a market; they also provide raw goods for manufacturing, which can be purchased from the empire and brought back elsewhere
  • The United Kingdom is about the size of Michigan, but the Empire was able to provide Britain’s power due to its expansion
• India
  • The Empire starts to expand past the presidency towns in 1756-1805
  • By 1805, Britain still isn’t the paramount power and isn’t the dominant force
  • In 1805-1858, the expansion furthers such that there are no longer any regional powers challenging British authority
  • The British Raj (1858-1947) expands past India
  • The mutiny is a traumatic event for British authority because they assumed they had a natural ability to rule India, through liberal imperialism
    • They believed that by spreading their beliefs (i.e. about religion and culture), the inhabitants would become just as civilized as they were
    • This caused a shift where religion and culture were not imposed on the Indian people
  • India is considered the jewel in the crown of the British empire
  • After Queen Victoria was named Empress of India, she was seen less as a powerful person from a foreign area, and more seen as someone who was accepting and involved in the new culture
• “Victorians Uncovered,” India
  • In Indian culture, things happened in public that would only be permitted behind closed doors in Britain
  • The Victorians tried to bring their culture to India and try to spread it to the Indians
  • Women were told they should run their household as the British run the empire
  • Sensuality was a trait that high Victorians thoroughly disapproved
  • Women who committed adultery would lose their status and would be enough for divorce; the idea of introducing an illegitimate child into the family to receive inheritances was unforgivable
  • Women were held at higher standards; adultery was enough for divorce, while men had to commit both adultery as well as abuse
  • It was rare to see someone embrace interracial marriage; to encourage this, gold coins were provided for those who had interracial babies
  • Wellesley refused to accept interracial relationships
  • Interracial relationships of sexual nature had to be kept behind closed doors; although the rules had changed, the desires remained the same
  • The Mutiny occurred when Indians felt their beliefs were being violated by being forced to have beef and pork fat touch their mouths
  • There was a siege that lasted for months, the most notable of which lasted two months and 2,000 people died; news of this reached Britain and the press overplayed the magnitude of the siege by claiming much more people had died
  • It was agreed to let the British surrender and escape through a river, but instead, the men were killed as they tried to leave, and the women and children were captured and slaughtered
  • The Victorian woman was iconized as a violated angel
  • A proposal was brought up that said Indian judges should be equals to their English co-workers; if passed, it would allow Indian judges to try British people
  • The British wrote to the press and tried to prove that the Indians were not capable because they were not delicate and overall did not possess the appropriate traits
  • James Hume, the government prosecutor, caught his wife committing adultery with an Indian man, and nearly beat her to death; he was advised to place the blame on the Indian man
  • The media framed this as an Indian servant attempting to rape an English woman, and the case was blown out of proportion
  • The British claimed that the Indian demons were preying on the innocent angels
  • The judge and jury saw the Indian man as guilty because the victim lied and did not talk of their affair; this case was used as evidence by people stating that Indian judges (and Indian people in general) were incapable
  • The truth was revealed only two years later by a letter written by a cousin, but it was not revealed until they were dead and the letter was discovered in their private documents

History 364-0-01: Gender and Sexuality in Victorian Britain; Northwestern University, Fall 2014

Sex and Murder

1. What was it about the Ripper murders that so captivated the Victorian public?
2. What motivated Stead to devote so much energy and print to the Ripper murders? Did he have any agenda(s) ancillary to the capture of the murderer?
3. Did the Pall Mall Gazette coverage of the murders promote public hysteria? How?
4. What are some common social themes between the Ripper murders, “Modern Tribute,” and Jekyll & Hyde? What was the relationship between fiction and reality during the time of the Ripper murders?
5. How did the Contagious Diseases Act and the Criminal Law Amendment Act influence the coverage of the Ripper murders? Did they play any role in the murders themselves?
6. According to Showalter’s arguments, what ideas and social forces made the Ripper murders possible? Does she believe that these have changed? Do you agree?
7. It was asserted that “no true Englishman could commit such savage crimes” as the Ripper murders. In what ways were notions of race central to contemporary ideas about the Ripper murders?
8. How would you characterized contemporary attitudes about the victims of the murders? Do you think the coverage of the murders in the Pall Mall Gazette was appropriately sympathetic?
9. Why did some Victorians, including Stead, see the Ripper murders as part of a broader social, political, and moral crisis? Do you agree with their analyses?
10. Why are “Ripperology” and “Ripperature” still active fields?

History 364-0-01: Gender and Sexuality in Victorian Britain; Northwestern University, Fall 2014

• Population of prostitutes
  • 3 million people in London, 55,000 prostitutes in London
  • Police would’ve given a lower number of prostitutes because they base their statistics off arrests, and arrests were low
  • Britain does not have a state-controlled brothel system like other European capitals do
• Legislation
  • 1839 Vagrancy Act: criminalized loitering for the purposes of prostitution or solicitation
    • The Vagrancy Act was aimed at the public, in public spaces
    • It’s not the actual act of prostitution that is illegal, it is “loitering for the purposes of”
    • This meant the prostitutes would be prosecuted, but the ones looking for and using prostitutes would not – it was always the woman who was criminalized
  • 1864, 1867, 1869 Contagious Diseases Acts
    • There was a high number of diseases in military men
    • Any woman who was suspected (social profiling) of being a prostitute could be picked up by the police and subjected to a forcible full pelvic exam (with a speculum, opening the vaginal cavity) by an army doctor
    • Army doctors were not used to inspecting working-class women, they usually only inspected military men
    • If the woman was found to have a sexually transmitted disease, she was held in a locked hospital for three months while she underwent treatment
    • It was working-class women and girls who were constantly paying the price of prostitution
  • Repealed in 1886 by Josephine Butler and the Social Purity Movement
    • This happens one year after the Criminal Law Amendment Act
• Prostitutes
  • Asking young girls when and how they had fallen
    • Most girls say they had fallen at age 16, because it was a respectable answer – this answer was given both before and after the Criminal Law Amendment Act (few girls say they had fallen earlier)
    • They either said they had fallen to a boyfriend of the same class (and they may have fallen into prostitution after this)
    • Or, to the man of the house to which they were a servant
    • Girls often charged one pound per encounter – this was a lot of money for a working-class girl in the east end of London (one pound was subsistence wage)
  • Older prostitutes
    • As the girls got older, the amount they charged slipped down to about 4-8 pence and were “fourpenny knee tremblers,” the lowest of the low
    • Knee-trembling sex was commercial, fast, rough sex done while standing up; fourpenny knee tremblers didn’t have a place to which to take the men because they didn’t have a permanent room or bed
    • Jack the Ripper’s victims were fourpenny knee tremblers
    • “Doss money” is the money needed to purchase a cheap, temporary bed in a doss house for one night
    • The Ripper’s victims were in their 40s with no permanent man in their life and no permanent place to stay – these are the kinds of women who were out on the streets very late at night
  • Pimps/bullies
    • Working class girls felt they needed a man as a front to make it look like they were more reputable
• Prostitution (Handout)
  • Fall-out of the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1885
    • The Act outlawed brothel-keeping and the procurement of women for prostitution
    • Brothel-keepers and their agents could now be imprisoned or fined (both clauses of the Act were opposed by W.T. Stead and Josephine Butler)
      • Landlords were now reluctant to rent their houses or rooms to women living alone or collectively with a small group of women
      • Working-class prostitutes now felt compelled to include at least one man in the household. These men were referred to as “bullies,” and they provided some protection and cover
      • This undermined the personal and economic independence that working-class prostitutes had enjoyed prior to 1885
  • Fall-out of the Whitechapel (“Ripper”) Murders
    • The social purity movement moved against prostitution and urged even greater regulation and police powers (opposed by Stead and Butler)
    • Some of the worst slums in Whitechapel were cleared, and old “common lodging houses” or “doss houses” were destroyed. New housing for respectable Jewish immigrants (usually skilled artisans) was built, but the extreme poor were forced onto the streets. Many of these were older women
    • Male working-class vigilance committees were set up to patrol the streets of the East End and protect women. The result was that working-class women were increasingly confined to the home

History 364-0-01: Gender and Sexuality in Victorian Britain; Northwestern University, Fall 2014

Male Sexuality: The Double Life and the Beast Within, Day 2

1. Is Showalter’s description of Stevenson’s novella as “a fable of fin-de siecle homosexual panic” accurate?
2. How did Victorian social mores exert pressure on men to lead double lives? Was this pressure felt more strongly by women, or less?
   • Women didn’t even have the outlet – they had to mask themselves in both public and private
   • Women-on-women homosexuality wasn’t even mentioned
3. Hysteria was a condition associated with femininity in Victorian Britain, but is the notion of hysteria important in the almost exclusively male world of Jekyll & Hyde?
4. Was Jekyll & Hyde more a tale of morality, of science, or of the supernatural?
5. How does Stevenson’s description of Jekyll’s physical transformation into Mr. Hyde relate to Cook’s discussion of the construction of the homosexual body?
6. What was the role of class in Victorian male homosexual relationships? How is this manifested in Stevenson choices in Jekyll & Hyde?
7. Why does Showalter think that, even in today’s time period, a “gender-swapped” Jekyll & Hyde story is impossible? Do you agree?
8. What is the significance of reputation in the novella? How does this reflect broader trends and events in late Victorian Britain?
9. Matt Cook in his discussion of homosexuality during Victorian England mentions the legal and social blurring of the private and public spheres of sexuality. Is this sense of “blurring” evident in the novella?
10. The Hyde portion of Jekyll’s split persona is depicted as wholly evil and sinful, and much younger. How does this representation of Jekyll’s double life resemble the double life le by men in the Victorian period?